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子宮峽部缺損合併膀胱子宮內膜異位症之腹腔鏡治療:個案報告

2026.03.28
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發表日期:2026/3/28
發表人:婦產科 吳加仁醫師、張紅淇醫師
發表場合:台灣婦產科醫學會年會

子宮峽部缺損合併膀胱子宮內膜異位症之腹腔鏡治療:個案報告

一、前言

子宮峽部疤痕缺損 (Isthmocele) 又稱為剖腹產疤痕缺損,是指位於子宮前壁峽部的囊狀缺損,常見於剖腹產後。臨床表現為異常子宮出血、慢性骨盆痛、經痛、次發性不孕等。
膀胱子宮內膜異位症為罕見型態,可能源於手術直接植入(如剖腹產)、深部浸潤型內膜異位症。 Isthmocele 與膀胱內膜異位症同時存在的情況相當少見,其病理機轉尚未完全釐清。

二、病例介紹

一名產後女性,過去曾因植入性胎盤(Placenta accreta)接受過剖腹產手術,此次因骨盆腔疼痛及陰道分泌物增多而就診。患者表示並無肉眼可見的血尿,但提到骨盆腔的不適感會隨月經週期加劇。
經超音波與子宮鏡檢查顯示,其子宮下段前壁存在子宮肌層缺損,與子宮峽部膨出(Isthmocele)之特徵吻合,且缺損處含有異質性內容物(圖 1)。此外,在膀胱後壁發現一處均質性腫塊,懷疑為膀胱子宮內膜異位症(圖 2)。經醫療諮詢後,患者決定接受手術治療。

(一)手術過程描述

手術於全身麻醉下進行腹腔鏡手術。術中發現膀胱子宮折疊處(vesicouterine fold)有嚴重的緻密粘連(圖 3)。經細心的粘連分離術(adhesiolysis)後,成功將膀胱自子宮下段分離。隨後切除子宮峽部膨出的纖維化組織以顯露出健康的子宮肌層,並使用非鎖定式縫合法(non-locking sutures)對子宮缺損進行分層修復,以恢復子宮壁的厚度。
針對膀胱子宮內膜異位症,由於膀胱鏡檢查未發現粘膜受累的證據,因此採用膀胱削除術(bladder shaving technique)進行處理(圖 4)。內膜異位結節被完整切除,且未穿透進入膀胱腔。術中亦確認了膀胱的完整性。

(二)術後進展

患者術後恢復順利,未出現併發症。隨訪期間,其骨盆腔疼痛與陰道分泌物症狀均有顯著改善,且未觀察到泌尿系統相關併發症。醫療團隊建議患者至少延後 3 至 6 個月再行受孕,並安排後續影像檢查以評估疤痕癒合情況。

三、討論 

(一)病理機轉(Pathophysiology):

有幾種機制可以用來解釋子宮峽部膨出(Isthmocele)與膀胱子宮內膜異位症之間的關聯性:
1.醫源性植入:在剖腹產手術過程中,子宮內膜細胞被意外植入。
2.經血堆積:月經血液淤積在子宮峽部膨出的缺損處,成為子宮內膜植入的蓄積池。
3.次級入侵:子宮內膜異位組織進一步侵入膀胱壁。
膀胱子宮內膜異位症可分為原發性或續發性,其中續發性通常與先前的骨盆腔手術有關。

(二)診斷挑戰

膀胱子宮內膜異位症的臨床表現可能與膀胱腫瘤相似,因此容易被誤診。對於曾接受過剖腹產,且出現骨盆腔疼痛或泌尿道症狀的女性,應高度懷疑此疾病的可能性。

(三)手術考量

手術切除仍是治療膀胱子宮內膜異位症最明確且有效的方法。
1.手術方式選擇:

  • 膀胱削除術(Bladder shaving technique):適用於膀胱粘膜層未受侵犯的情況。
  • 部分膀胱切除術(Partial cystectomy):則保留用於病灶已侵犯至全層組織(含粘膜層)的案例。

2.手術成功的關鍵:
多專科團隊的協作規劃與術中精細的組織剝離至關重要,這能將手術風險及併發症降至最低。

四、結論

本案例展示了子宮峽部疤痕缺損(Isthmocele)與膀胱子宮內膜異位瘤同時並存的罕見情況,但在臨床上具有重要意義。提高對這兩者關聯性的認識,對於及時做出正確診斷至關重要。
透過腹腔鏡切除膀胱子宮內膜異位病灶,並結合剖腹產疤痕修復手術,能有效緩解患者症狀,並取得良好的預後結果。


Laparoscopic management of bladder endometrioma associated with cesarean scar isthmocele: Case report

Introduction

    Isthmocele, or cesarean scar defect, is a pouch-like defect located at the anterior uterine isthmus following cesarean section. It is associated with abnormal uterine bleeding, chronic pelvic pain, dysmenorrhea, and secondary infertility. 
    Bladder endometriosis represents a rare manifestation of endometriosis and may arise from direct implantation during pelvic surgery or as part of deep infiltrating disease. The coexistence of isthmocele and bladder endometriosis is uncommon, and the underlying pathophysiology remains poorly understood.


Case Presentation

    A postpartum woman with a history of cesarean section due to placenta accreta presented with pelvic pain and more vaginal discharge. She denied gross hematuria but reported cyclical exacerbation of pelvic discomfort. The ultrasonography and hysteroscopy revealed a myometrial defect at the anterior lower uterine segment consistent with an isthmocele, with heterogenic content. (Fig 1) Additionally, a homogeneous mass was noted on the posterior bladder wall, raising suspicion for bladder endometriosis. (Fig 2) After counseling, the patient elected to undergo surgical management.

子宮峽部缺損合併膀胱子宮內膜異位症之腹腔鏡治療:個案報告

Surgical Technique

    Laparoscopic surgery was performed under general anesthesia. Dense adhesions were identified at the vesicouterine fold. (Fig 3) Careful adhesiolysis allowed separation of the bladder from the lower uterine segment. The fibrotic tissue of the isthmocele was excised to expose healthy myometrium, followed by layered repair of the uterine defect using non-locking sutures to restore uterine wall thickness. 
    Bladder endometriosis was managed using a bladder shaving technique, as there was no evidence of mucosal involvement via cystoscopic examination.  (Fig 4)
    The endometriotic nodule was completely excised without entering the bladder lumen. Bladder integrity was confirmed intraoperatively.

子宮峽部缺損合併膀胱子宮內膜異位症之腹腔鏡治療:個案報告

Postoperative Course

    The patient had an uneventful postoperative recovery. Her pelvic pain and vaginal discharge significantly improved during follow-up. No urinary complications were noted. She was advised to delay pregnancy for at least 3–6 months and underwent follow-up imaging to assess scar healing. 


Discussion

Pathophysiology

Several mechanisms may explain the association between isthmocele and bladder endometriosis:
Iatrogenic implantation of endometrial cells during cesarean section.
Menstrual blood pooling within the isthmocele acting as a reservoir for endometrial implantation.
Secondary invasion of endometriotic tissue into the bladder wall.
Bladder endometriosis can be classified as primary or secondary, with secondary forms commonly associated with prior pelvic surgery.

Diagnostic Challenges

    Bladder endometriosis may mimic bladder tumors and is often overlooked, especially in women with urinary or pelvic symptoms following cesarean delivery.
    The ultrasonography remains the first-line diagnostic modality, while MRI is useful for mapping deep infiltrating disease.

Surgical Considerations

    Surgical excision remains the definitive treatment for bladder endometriosis. The bladder shaving technique is appropriate when the mucosa is not involved, whereas partial cystectomy is reserved for full-thickness disease.  
    Multidisciplinary planning and meticulous dissection are crucial to minimize complications.


Conclusion

    This case illustrates a rare but clinically significant coexistence of cesarean scar isthmocele and bladder endometrioma. Awareness of this association is essential for timely diagnosis. Laparoscopic excision of bladder endometriosis combined with repair of the cesarean scar defect provides excellent symptom relief and favorable outcomes.

 宏其婦幼醫院 婦產科 吳加仁醫師  

認證與經歷
1. 婦產科專科醫師
2. 台灣婦產科醫學會 達文西手術認證醫師
3. ISMIVS 國際微無創醫學會 認證 海扶刀醫師

專長
◆ 婦科腫瘤與子宮內膜異位症治療
◆ 微創腹腔鏡手術
◆ 子宮鏡檢查與手術
◆ 海扶刀
◆ 女性泌尿與骨盆功能障礙
FB:吳加仁醫師 婦科診療室
醫師介紹:https://www.hungchihospital.org.tw/doctor-detail50.htm
預約掛號:https://web.hch.org.tw/RegApp/Home/Doctor?DoctorNo=50071

 宏其婦幼醫院 婦產科 張紅淇醫師  

認證與經歷
1.台灣婦產科醫學會專科醫師
2.美國耶魯大學醫學院婦產科研究員

專長
◆ 婦科腫瘤診斷與治療
◆ 微創手術(含達文西手術、腹腔鏡與子宮鏡手術)
◆ 陰道鏡檢查與子宮頸癌防治
FB:張紅淇醫師

醫師介紹:https://www.hungchihospital.org.tw/doctor-detail1.htm
預約掛號:https://web.hch.org.tw/RegApp/Home/Doctor?DoctorNo=50001

子宮峽部缺損合併膀胱子宮內膜異位症之腹腔鏡治療:個案報告
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